Akkadian:menû (manû) 'to love, to become fond of so.' OAkk on [CAD m2 19], [AHw 645]
Arabic:mny 'laisser couler le sperme (dans la copulation ou autrement)' [BK 2 1158], V 'dé́sirer, voloir, souhaiter' [ibid.]; minā, minaçnß 'sperme; liqueur de la femelle qui se mêle au sperme et contribue à la génération' [ibid. 1159], maniyy- 'sperme (du mâle); liqueur utérine de la femelle' [ibid.].
Cf. also munwat- 'époque où se trouve une femelle lorsqu'elle a été couverte par le mâle, mais lorsqu'on ne peut pas encore connaître si elle a été fécondée ou non' [ibid.]
Amharic:tämäññä 'to desire, wish, to long for' [K 228].
Cf. also tämoññä 'to be made a fool of, taken in, duped, deceived or cheated' [ibid.]; a meaning shift?
East Ethiopic:HAR (tä)männi 'wish' (n.) [LH 108]; SEL tämēñe, WOL tämeññe, ZWY tämäñī 'to have sexual intercourse, be covered (cattle), be coupled, conceive (cattle)' [LGur 414]
Gurage:ENM GYT (tä)mēñä, GOG tämeññä, END tämēññä, EZH MUH tämänna, CHA tämēna, MSQ tämenna, SOD täminna do. [ibid.]
Mehri:mátni 'to wish' [JM 268], also mǝtōni do. [ibid.]
The original meaning preserved in ARB is probably 'to discharge sperm, excude vaginal secretion'.
Note HBR mīn 'type, kind, species' [KB 577], JUD mīnā 'kind, genus, species' [Ja 776], SYR mīnā 'genus, familia' [Brock 384]; probably to be compared with a peculiar meaning shift.
[AHw 645]: AKK, ARB; [LGz 352-3]: GEZ, ETH, ARB, SOQ, AKK (menû 'to love' strangely compared with the mark "perhaps", while Jensen's erroneous connection with SEM *mny/w 'to count' yielding AKK manû do. OA, OB on [CAD m1 221], [AHw 604] is quoted without comment)
Number:2281
Proto-Semitic:*mrṣ̂ {} *mrĉ̣
Meaning:to be sick, ill
Akkadian:marāṣu (a/a; NB, LB u/u) 'to be ill' OA, OB on [CAD M1 269], [AHw 609]
Ugaritic:mrṣ 'krank sein' [Aist 196]
Hebrew:mrṣ (N) 'to be bad, painful' [KB 637]
Aramaic:OLD mrḳ, OFF mrʕ 'illness' [HJ 695]
Judaic Aramaic:mǝraʕ 'to be sick' [Ja 845]; mrʕ [Sok 331]
Syrian Aramaic:mǝraʕ 'aegrotavit' [Brock 405]
Arabic:mrḍ 'être malade' [BK 2 1091]
Epigraphic South Arabian:SAB mrḍ 'suffer from desease' [SD 87]
Not quite adequately rendered into English as 'to be lazy, amazed' [ibid.]; rather to be translated as 'to be languid, slack; be in stupor, stupefied' (gäʔa is a truncated form of gäbʔa 'to be, become' [ibid. 585])
Mehri:hōnǝd 'to feel drowsy' [JM 158]
Jibbali:ohúnd do. [JJ 97]
Harsusi:hēned do. [JH 52]
Soqotri:hénod 'dormir' [LS 145]
Notes:Inclusion into anatomic terminology is conventional. Scarsely attested in the South SEM area only; the possibility of an ARB borrowing into TGR and MSA cannot be completely ruled out.
Number:2283
Proto-Semitic:*nhḳ
Meaning:to bray (of donkey)
Akkadian:nâḳu (nuāḳu) 'to cry, to groan' MB on, [CAD N1 341].
Note that [AHw 744] 'aufshcreien' gives a considerably wider amount of contexts from OAkk on; note also tanūḳātu (pl. tant.) 'Kampfsgeschrei' OB on [AHw 1320]
Cf. nǝhaḳ 'to cry, groan (for hunger)' [ibid.]. The fact of retaning the primary meaning in a derived stem, with a meaning shift in the main $$ one, is noteworthy
Mandaic Aramaic:nihiḳa 'groaning' [DM 297]
Arabic:nhḳ (i,a) [BK 2 1357]
Geʕez (Ethiopian):nǝhḳa [LGz 394]
East Ethiopic:SEL WOL noḳe, WOL noʔe 'to shout, roar, howl, bark, low, moo, bellow' [LGur 458] (<*nhḳ or *nwḳ?)
Gurage:CHA näḳʷä, EZ̆A MUH MSQ näḳḳʷä, GYE nōḳä, GOG SOD noḳḳä, GOG noʔä, ENN END nōʔä do. [ibid.] (<*nhḳ, *nḳḳ or *nwḳ?)
Mehri:nǝhēḳ (ō) [JM 290]
Jibbali:nɛhɛ́ḳ (ú) [JJ 185]
Harsusi:nehāḳ (ō) [JH 95]
Notes:This specified meaning attested in all the groups of SEM except AKK rather implies a meaning shift in the latter.
Note what may be compared as a series of variant roots: (1) *nḥḳ: TGR näḥaḳä 'to bray' [LH 324] and SOQ náḥḳoḳ 'ronfler' [LS 264] (compared both with the present root and with ARB ḥḳḳ 'produire un murmure, un bruit' [ibid.]); (2) *nḳḳ/nḳnḳ/nḳw: ARB nḳḳ 'coasser; miauler; glousser' [BK 2 1318], nḳnḳ 'coasser sans cesse' [ibid. 1334]; GEZ naḳawa 'to emit a sound' referring to any sound of animals and birds [LGz 401], TNA näḳḳäwä 'muggire, ragliare e cosi dicesi del vociare di molte altre bestie' [Bass 444]; (3) *nhg: HBR 'to sob' [KB 675]; SYR 'rugivit, clamavit' [Brock 416]; SOQ 'crier' [LS 259]; (4) *nhk: GEZ nǝhka, nahaka, nǝḥka 'to groan, sigh' [LGz 393]; (5) *ngg: AKK nagāgu 'to bray, to neigh' OB on [CAD n1 105]; (6) *nʔg: ARB 'mugir, gémir, etc.' [BK 1 1176].
Meaning:to deliver, give birth to a child (of woman)
Arabic:nfs (pass.) 'être né (se dit de l'enfant dont sa mère vient d'accoucher); relever de couches (se dit d'une femme)' [BK 2 1310]
Epigraphic South Arabian:SAB nfs1 'woman in childbed' [SD 93]
Mehri:ǝntǝfūs 'to be safely delivered of a child, young one' [JM 285] (-t- stem)
Jibbali:ǝnfés 'to be safely delivered of a child' [JJ 182]
Soqotri:nífes 'enfanter' [LS 271]
Notes:Scarcely attested; probably an areal (South Semitic) term. Likely derived from *npš 'to breathe' or *nap(i)š- 'soul; vitality, life, etc.' (No. ). Can it imply a semantic development from 'to give life' or 'to let (the baby) breathe'? Alternatively to be understood as 'to breathe relieved from labour pains' (i.e. 'to pant, to
Number:2285
Proto-Semitic:*npṭ
Meaning:to blow the nose
Arabic:nfṭ (i) 'éternuer et jeter quelque chose du nez' [BK 2 1313]
Geʕez (Ethiopian):nafaṭa 'to blow the nose' [LGz 390]
Tigre:näffäṭä 'to snuff' [LH 348]
Tigrai (Tigriñña):näffäṭä 'nettarsi, pulirsi il naso' [Bass 472]
Arabic:fḥḥ 'siffler (se dit des serpents); siffler en dormant (se dit d'un homme)' [BK 2 547]; fwḥ 'répandre parfum (se dit d'un arôme)', II 'exhaler (une odeur)' [ibid. 644]; fh_h_ 'ronfler et siffler (en parlant de celui qui dort); se répandre (se dit d'un arôme)' [ibid. 551]; fwh_ 'se répandre partout (se dit d'une odeur); siffler (se dit du vent); lâcher des vents' [ibid. 644]; fyh_ 'lâcher un vent et rendre en même temps des excréments' [ibid. 652]
Tigre:fǝḥot 'smell, stench' [LH 654]
Notes:Since in ARB, the only language in this entry distinguishing between ḥ and h_, examples with both are represented, it is impossible to chose between these two consonants in the reconstructed form.
Note various ways of triconsonantizing (insertion of medial -w-, doubling of the second radical, etc.).
Arabic:fsh_ 'disloquer, demettre un membre du corps; être faible, débile' [BK 2 592].
Cf. fšh_ (II) 'avoir les membres du corps lâches, sans vigeur' [BK 2 592] (a variant root?)
Notes:The AKK example points to *ḥ, while the ARB, to *h_. Note forms, with various uncommon semantic shifts, if related: ARM JUD psḥ 'to leap over' [Sok 439], on the one hand, and, on the other, ETH GUR: ENN fušä 'boil at the joint of the two parts of body' [LGur 247].
Tigrai (Tigriñña):fäsäwä 'fare, mandar fuori delle loffe' [Bass 994]
Amharic:fässa 'to fart, break wind' [K 2291]
East Ethiopic:HAR fäs āša [LHar 65]; SEL fose, ZWY fosū, WOL foše 'to fart' [LGur 246]
Gurage:SOD fossä, CHA ENN GYE fʷäšä, EZ̆A END MUH MSQ fʷäššä, GOG foššä do. [ibid.]
Notes:Though very likely related to *pšw/y ~ *pwš {} *psw/y ~ *pws 'to breathe, blow' (No. ), rather to be treated, first of all on semantic grounds, as a separate root as early as on a PSEM level.
Geʕez (Ethiopian):rǝh_ba 'to be hungry, to desire smth.', rah_ab, rah_āb 'hunger, famine' [LGz 468] (on SEM *ɣ > ETH h_ see Introduction)
Tigre:räḥab 'hunger' [LH 147]
Amharic:rabä 'to be hungry, starve '(impersonal)', rǝhǝb 'hunger' [K 391]
East Ethiopic:HAR räḥaba 'to be hungry', raḥab 'hunger' [LH 134]; WOL rabä, SEL ZWY rābä 'to be hungry' [LGur 520], WOL rab, ZWY rǝb 'hunger' [ibid.]
Arabic:DAT_ ríkeb ʕalêha 'monter sur une femme' = 'faire l'amour' [GD 1380].
Cf. CLASS rakab- 'pubis (tant chez l'homme que chez la femme, mais particulièrment chez les femmes); parties naturelles de la femme' [BK 1 913]
Geʕez (Ethiopian):tarākaba 'to have intercourse', rukābe 'intercourse' [LGz 469]
Tigre:tǝräkkäbä, tǝrakäbä 'to copulate' [LH 157]
Amharic:(?) rukabe 'coitus, sexual intercourse' [K 402] (very likely a loan from GEZ)
Mehri:rǝkēb 'to sleep with a woman' [JM 332]
Jibbali:rékǝb 'to ride, to mount (also with sexual connotations)', rɔ́tkǝb (-t- stem) 'to jump on oa. (in play or sexual intercourse)' [JJ 211]
Notes:There are two more meanings of *rkb, each of whom (but not both at a time!) may be suspected to be a source for the meaning 'to have intercourse'; on the other hand, all the three may as well represent homonymous roots: (1) 'to ride (a horse)' (throughout SEM, cf., for example, [LGz 469]; in ETH only GEZ rakaba 'to ride, go by boat' commented by Leslau as "probably reconstructed from markab 'boat' [ibid.]); (2) 'to join together, compose': HBR PB (hip) 'to join, combine' [Ja 1478]; ARB rkb (II) 'mettre une chose sur une autre, superposer l'une à l'autre; composer, faire d'un corps simple un corps composé' [BK 1 913]; GEZ tarākaba 'to meet one another, be together' [LGz 469], rukābe 'joining together' [ibid.], TGR tǝräkkäbä, tǝrakäbä 'to meet, come across' [LH 157], AMH tärakkäbä 'to be joined, fitted together' [K 401] (cf. also ETH *rakaba 'to find, acquire', see in [LGz 469]).
Note an undoubtedly common SEM verb 'to pollinate' likely derived from *rkb 'to have intercourse', whatever amazing such an early dating for this cultural term might seem: AKK rkb (D) 'Palmgarten (durch Befruchtung) pflegen' [AHw 944-5]; HBR PB rkb (hip) 'to pollinate' [ESh 675]; JUD rkb (aph) 'to pollinate date-trees' [Sok 524]; AMH täšagari rǝkǝbäbǝnnañ 'cross-pollination' marked as (neol.) in [K 401] obviously understood as a word-combination from täšagari 'going across', rǝkkǝb translated as 'transfer, turning over' (which is hardly the case in view of the comparative data), and bǝnnañ 'small particle, dust'. Cf. another term, obviously related to the latter one, though denoting an operation apparently with no so direct "sexual" connotations: HBR PB rkb (hipʕīl) 'to inoculate, engraft' [Ja 1478], räkäb 'branch for inoculation, set' [ibid.]; JUD rkb (ʔapʕēl) 'to let gender, to inoculate' [Ja 1478], rikbā 'inoculation, young inoculated tree; a nursery of palm trees' [ibid.]; AMH tärakkäbä 'to be grafted (plant)', arrakkäbä 'to graft plants' [K 401] (cf. also ARB rākib- 'tendre rameau du palmier qui descend en bas, sans cependant toucher la terre' [BK 1 913], rakūb- 'rejeton de palmier venu sur le tronc' [ibid. 914])
Number:2295
Proto-Semitic:*š/sʕl {} *s/cʕl (-u-)
Meaning:to cough
Akkadian:saʔālu (-u-) 'to cough' SB [CAD s 1], [AHw 999], suʔālu 'phlegm; cough with phlegm' MB, SB [CAD s 340], [AHw, 1052]
Gurage:GOG SOD sal 'cold combined with coughing, coughing' [LGur 542]
Notes:While the ARM SYR, SAB (and HBR if valid) forms point to *š- {} *s-, the AKK one reflects PSEM *s- {} *c- (there are, however, other instances of the "irregular" correspondence: AKK s ~ SEM *š {} *s).
A noun *š/suʕāl- {} *s/cuʕāl- 'cough' is reconstructed on the PSEM level on the AKK, ARB, and probably, ETH evidence (TGR sǝʕal may be from *suʕal; -a- instead of the expected -ǝ- <*-u- in other ETH nouns may be accounted for by the shift of *ǝ > a before ʕ).
Note that HBR forms are attested only in Late Rabbinic Hebrew and considered by Ben Yehuda loans from Syriac [BY 7348]. This can hardly be proved; it is of interest, however, that no verb with a clear meaning 'to cough' is attested in the whole corpus of Biblical and early postbiblical texts.
Hebrew:PB ṣummīm, ṣummām 'a person whose auricles are a shapeless mass' [Ja 1268]
Syrian Aramaic:ṣammā 'surdus mutus' [Brock 631]
Arabic:ṣmm (-a-) 'être sourd; boucher (un flacon, etc.); être bouché, obstrué (se dit du canal de l'ouie)' [BK 1 1366]
Geʕez (Ethiopian):ṣamma, ṣamama (-ǝ- < *-i- or *-u-) 'to be deaf, dumb, not understand', taṣamama 'to keep silent, not listen, not answer' [LGz 557-8]
Amharic:č̣ǝmm alä 'to become quiet, silent; to hum, buzz (ears)' [K 2204]
Gurage:CHA ač̣č̣äma-m 'to overhear, eavesdrop, not answer having been called' [LGur I 37], END (a)č̣ämmā 'not to answer after having been called' [ibid. 175], ENN ač̣č̣ämā do. [ibid. 298], EZHA ač̣č̣ämma-m do. [ibid. 427], GOG (at)č̣emma-m 'to listen attentively, etc.' [ibid. 556], GYE ač̣č̣ämā 'to overhear, etc.' [ibid. 656], MSQ (ač̣)č̣emma 'to listen attentively, etc.' [ibid. 773], MUH ač̣č̣ämma-m 'to eavesdrop' [ibid. 867], SOD (aṭ)ṭǝmämma-m 'to overhear, etc.' [ibid. 1108] (cf. [LGur 180-181])
Notes:Cf. *ṭmm ~ *ʔṭm (No. ), to which S. ETH may go down as well.
[LGz 557-8]: GEZ, ARB, SYR; [Brock 631]: SYR, ARB
Number:2297
Proto-Semitic:*ŝbʕ {} *ĉbʕ (-a-)
Meaning:to be sated
Akkadian:šebû 'to be sated' OB on [CAD š2 251], [AHw 1207]
Ugaritic:šbʕ 'sich sättigen' [Aist 300]
Hebrew:ŝābaʕ (a) 'to eat one's fill' [KB 1303]
Aramaic:OLD OFF PLM šbʕ 'to be sated' [HJ 1011]
Judaic Aramaic:sǝbaʕ 'to be filled, to be saturated' [Ja 1516]
Syrian Aramaic:sǝbaʕ 'satiatus est' [Brock 456]
Mandaic Aramaic:SBA 'to have enough, to be satiated' [DM 316]
Arabic:šbʕ (a) 'être rassasié' [BK 1 1184]
Epigraphic South Arabian:SAB h-s2bʕ 'to give in abundance' [SD 131] (causative stem)
Mehri:ŝība 'to be satisfied' [JM 370]
Jibbali:ŝēʕ 'to be satisfied' (from *ŝbʕ) [JJ 244]
Harsusi:ŝōba 'to be replete' [JH 118]
Soqotri:ŝíbaḥ 'se rassasier' [LS 425] (a current case of -ḥ < *-ʕ in Auslaut)
Notes:In HBR and ARB -a- due to *-ʕ ?
Note GEZ ṣagba 'to be satiated' [LGz 550]; see discussion [ibid.] on a possible relationship (untenable, in our opinion) of this verb and its cognates in other ETH to the root under consideration.
Judaic Aramaic:šgʕ (paʕ) 'to become insane' [Sok 537]
Arabic:šǧʕ 'surpasser quelqu'un en bravoure, en courage guerrier; avoir l'air menac̣ant, sévère, austère', šaǧiʕ- 'furieux, en fureur (chameau)', šaǧʕat- 'faible d'esprit', mašǧaʕ- 'tout à fait fou, achevé' [BK 1 1194]
Notes:A provisional reconstruction of *ŝ1- relies on AKK, HBR and ARM š- vs. ARB š- (instead of the expected *s- <*š {} *s). Cf. an obscure picture in MSA: (1) MHR ŝǝgɛ̄ [JM 374], JIB (EAST) ŝǝgáʕ 'envious' [JM 374]; semantically possible, phonetically pointing to *ŝ- {} *ĉ-, and not to ŝ1- {} *ŝ-; (2) MHR šōga 'to encourage, make so. happy' [JM 393] (considered an Arabism by Johnstone), JIB s̃égaʕ 'to become brave' [JJ 266]; semantically also possible, phonetically supporting ŝ1- {} *ŝ-, but suspect as Arabisms.
Note AMH sägga 'to be or become afraid, be apprehensive, fear, anxious, fearful, to worry' [K 578], with a plausible meaning shift if related.
Of interest is ETH *zngʕ with unexpected z- (a variant root?) and a secondary (?) -n-: GEZ zangǝʕ/ʔa 'to be mad, foolish, crazy, insane, feeble-minded, etc.' [LGz 640], TNA zängǝʕe 'essere tardo di intelligenza, distratto e sopra pensiero, apatico' [Bass 736], AMH zänägga 'to forget, to be absent-minded, to lose sight of smth., to become feeble of intellect' [K 1656], zagä 'to become dull of intellect' [ibid. 1675], GAF (?) zänäggä 'oublier' [LGaf 250].
Cf. also what looks a series of misspellings: ŝǝwēkǝḳ [JM 424] (ŝ- instead of š-, -k- instead of -h-?), ŝǝmhǝḳáwt [JM 540, Engl-Mehri] (ŝ- instead of š-, -m- instead of -w-?), pl. šɔ́hɔ́ḥɔ́t [ibid.] (-ḥ- instead of -ḳ-? three accent marks also looking strange). Note that Johnstone unconvincingly placed this root under whḳ
Jibbali:s̃éhǝḳ [JJ 266]; cf. also ŝhḳ 'to have whooping cough' [JJ 249]; (EAST) šehǝḳ 'to have hiccups' [JM 424]
Harsusi:šeháwḳ (yǝšhōḳ) [JH 124]
Notes:Cf. forms without -h- (related to each other and the present root?) in ARM: SYR sāḳ 'spiravit, aspiravit; olfecit; clamavit (asinus), etc.' [Brock 465], MND SUḲ 'to inhale, snuff up' [DM 323]; and ETH: TGR siḳ belä 'to sputter through the teeth' [LH 181] (other ETH examples are likely from *ṣiḳ, with *s- > ṣ- by assimilation to -ḳ: TNA ṣiḳ bälä, č̣ǝk_̣ bälä, AMH ṭiḳḳ alä, ṣiḳḳ alä, EAST: ZWY ṭīḳ-ǝm bālä 'to spit in spurt' [LGur 627], GUR: END ṭiḳḳ barä do. [ibid.])
